Mix dry ingredients: In a large mixing bowl, combine all-purpose flour, baking powder, sugar (if using), and salt. Whisk until well blended.

Cut in fat: Add butter or shortening to the dry ingredients. Incorporate until the mixture resembles coarse crumbs.

Form dough: Slowly drizzle in water or evaporated milk, mixing until a soft, non-sticky dough begins to form.

Rest dough: Cover the dough with a clean towel and let it rest for 15–20 minutes.

Shape cakes: Divide the dough into golf ball-sized portions and flatten each into discs 1/2 inch thick.

Fry: Heat vegetable oil in a skillet over medium heat and fry discs for 2–3 minutes on each side until golden brown.

Drain & serve: Transfer fried Johnny Cakes to a paper towel-lined plate and let them cool slightly before serving.